A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams

A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams Graduate understudies take two arrangements of far reaching tests, the two bosses and doctoral. Truly, it sounds unnerving. Thorough assessments, known as comps, are a wellspring of tension for most alumni understudies. What Is a Comprehensive Examination? An extensive assessment is exactly what it seems like. It is a test that covers an expansive base of material. It evaluates the understudies information and abilities to win a given advanced education. The specific substance fluctuates by graduate program and by qualification: experts and doctoral far reaching tests have likenesses however vary in detail, profundity, and desires. Contingent upon the alumni program and degree, comps could test course information, information on your proposed research zone, and general information in the field. This is particularly valid for doctoral understudies, who must be set up to examine the field at an expert level, refering to material from coursework yet additionally exemplary and current references. When Do You Take Comps? Comps are commonly given around the finish of coursework or a short time later as an approach to decide how well an understudy can orchestrate the material, take care of issues, and take on a similar mindset as an expert. Finishing a far reaching test lets you move to the following degree of study. What Is the Format? Experts and doctoral tests regularly are composed tests, now and then oral, and once in a while both composed and oral. Tests are typically controlled in at least one long trials. For instance, in one program composed doctoral complete tests are given in two hinders that are every eight hours in length on sequential days. Another program oversees a composed comp test to experts understudies in a single period that keeps going five hours. Oral tests are increasingly normal in doctoral comps, however there are no firm guidelines. What Is the Masters Comp Exam? Not all experts programs offer or necessitate that understudies total far reaching tests. A few projects require a breezing through score on a thorough test for section to the theory. Different projects utilize far reaching tests instead of a theory. A few projects give understudies a decision of finishing either a complete test or a postulation. Much of the time, aces understudies are given direction on what to consider. It may be explicit arrangements of readings or test inquiries from past tests. Bosses extensive tests are commonly given to a whole class without a moment's delay. What Is the Doctoral Comp Exam? Practically all doctoral projects necessitate that understudies total doctoral comps. The test is the door to the exposition. In the wake of breezing through the exhaustive test an understudy can utilize the title doctoral up-and-comer, which is a name for understudies who have entered the exposition period of doctoral work, the last obstacle to the doctoral qualification. Doctoral understudies regularly get substantially less direction on the most proficient method to get ready for comps as contrasted and experts understudies. They may get long understanding records, some example inquiries from past tests, and directions to be comfortable with articles distributed in the course of recent years in the noticeable diaries in their field. Imagine a scenario where You Dont Pass Your Comps. Graduate understudies who can't breeze through a projects far reaching test are weeded from the alumni program and can't finish the degree. Graduate projects frequently permit an understudy who bombs the far reaching test one more opportunity to pass. Be that as it may, most projects ask understudies to leave for good after two bombing grades.

Chemical alternatives assessment of different flame retardants free essay sample

Fire retardants are commonly ordered by their substance cosmetics. The most widely recognized classes of fire retardants are:BrominatedBrominated mixes are utilized for various purposes, yet the significant use is as fire retardants. Bromine interfaces with the fire cycle in the gas stage to stop the concoction anchor response that prompts fire development and a self-supporting fire. Generally, brominated fire retardants either keep a fire from beginning in any case, or essentially moderate a fire down. Brominated mixes likewise can be added to materials like plastic without changing their properties. Therefore, they can be utilized in numerous applications. Exceptionally viable, brominated fire retardants are utilized in an assortment of materials, including materials, gadgets, building materials, plastics and froths. They are frequently utilized in blend with an antimony trioxide synergist.PhosphorusFlame retardants containing phosphorus intrude on the ignition procedure by advancing â€Å"charring.† within the sight of a warmth source, phosphorus fire retardants discharge phosphoric corrosive which makes the material singe and structures a thick lustrous layer of carbon. We will compose a custom exposition test on Compound choices appraisal of various fire retardants or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This carbonated scorch stops the disintegration procedure (pyrolysis) and forestalls the arrival of combustible gases, basically slicing off fuel to the fire. It additionally gives a boundary between the material and the warmth source. Phosphorus fire retardants are utilized in some upholstered furniture, froth sleeping cushions, materials, TV housings, elastic, and plastics.NitrogenNitrogen fire retardants work in a few key manners to give fire assurance. At high temperatures, they empower the arrangement of stable sub-atomic aggravates that stop the disintegration procedure (pyrolysis) and forestall the arrival of combustible gases. They additionally discharge latent nitrogen gases that repress the chain response prompting burning and can go about as a synergist when joined with phosphorus to fortify their fire resistant capacities. Nitrogen fire retardants are utilized in protection, furniture froths, and electronics.ChlorinatedLike bromine-based fire retardants, chlorinated fire retardants collaborate with the fire cycle to stop fire development. They are utilized in some polyurethane froth, elastic, and adaptable plastics.InorganicA assortment of inorganic mixes, most strikingly hydrated aluminum and magnesium oxides, are utilized as fire retardants, or, just like the case with antimony trioxide, as a feature of a fire resistant framework related to bromine, phosphorus or nitrogen fire retardants. These fire retardants hinder the decay procedure and the arrival of combustible gases that fuel the burning procedure, discharge idle gases that interfere with the substance chain response that produces flares and delivers a non-combustible and safe layer on a material’s surface, lessening the arrival of combustible gases. Inorganic fire retardants are utilized in certain plastics, paints, cements, elastic, material back coatings, wire, and link.

Showa-Packard Case free essay sample

The Tanaka occurrence came to fruition through a few different occasions going before. Mr. Tanaka was designated to supplant the late president on the joint endeavor board. This arrangement as per Mr. Harper depended on the Japanese rank framework and not as per capabilities for the position. The position framework as depicted by Mr. Harper is giving Mr. Tanaka the situation to just resign into. Notwithstanding Mr. Harper’s portrayal behind the thinking to Mr. Tanaka’s arrangement, Mr. Johnson doesn't see Mr. Tanaka qualified to fill this position. In light of his own interests, Mr. Johnson selects Mr. Abe as the president dependent on his capabilities and earlier experienced working with him. The Showa Company consciously dismisses Mr. Johnson’s proposition on the premise is would be adverse to the joint endeavor and to Mr. Abe’s future. The Showa Company additionally protects Mr. Tanaka’s capabilities for the situation by asserting that Mr. We will compose a custom article test on Showa-Packard Case or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Johnson’s judgment is out of line, since he still can't seem to meet him. The Tanka arrangement has a few causes that make it an issue. The Tanaka arrangement turned into a worry to Mr. Johnson, as he feels his arrangement could hurt the joint venture’s achievement. It previously turned into an issue, since Mr. Johnson discovered Mr. Tanaka’s capabilities unfit for the position. The worry appeared to develop as Mr. Harper started to clarify the way of life of the company’s status framework that gave Mr. Tanaka the position. This caused antagonistic individual emotions with Mr. Johnson. For the situation, it depicted it as hatred, as though he sees the arrangement of Mr. Tanaka manages the company’s culture, and the genuine business of the joint endeavor isn't essential to the Showa Company. Also, Mr. Johnson feel this arrangement features the loss of activity the Packard the board holds in the joint endeavor and naming an alternate individual since he said so would recapture that activity. Another conceivable reason to this issue is Mr. Harper himself, Mr. Harper whines about his failure to coordinate and speak with his Japanese partners. Miscommunication and absence of cohesiveness with the organization from Mr. Harper’s point of view could prompt confusion of the genuine thinking behind Mr. Tanka’s arrangement. It is entirely conceivable that the Show Company’s authoritative structure works as Mr. Harper accepts, however without the correspondence and great interrelations, how does Mr. Harper know the genuine goals behind Mr. Tanaka’s arrangement? Another purpose behind this issue was called attention to by the Showa Company. Mr. Johnson made a decision about Mr. Tanaka exclusively on his capabilities on paper, how does Mr. Johnson realize that Mr. Tanaka isn’t similarly as qualified as Mr. Abe? The thinking behind Mr. Johnson’s suggestion for Mr. Abe depended on his admirations of characteristics, for example, being dynamic, profoundly energetic, and businesslike. These excellent characteristics are commonly not found in the representatives work history, however acknowledged through collaborating with the person. Mr. Tanaka could without much of a stretch have similar characteristics. The Tanaka arrangement occurrence can possibly cause business and staff durable issues. A goals to such a perplexing issue should likewise be mind boggling, and might cause extra strain on the joint endeavor connections. The two organizations happened upon an understanding during the joint endeavor that the president representative would be endorsed by the board and the American organization. On the off chance that Mr. Johnson genuinely feels that Mr. Tanaka isn't qualified, after a reasonable appraisal of his capabilities and setting individual disdain aside, at that point Mr. Johnson must uphold the recently masterminded understanding and object to Mr. Tanaka as president. This requirement has potential to cause pressure on the remote connections. Be that as it may, it would permit Mr. Johnson to recover his drive, and permit the two organizations to have the ideal applicant. The recently named president ought to be settled upon with the similarly spoken to board. This applicant ought to conciliate both Showa’s requirement for rank and Packard’s requirement for predominant capabilities. Mr. Johnson should likewise be delicate to the hierarchical structure of the Showa Company and make a situation for Mr. Tanaka on the joint endeavor group that he is progressively equipped for, can at present permit him to resign into it. This contention branches from a few issues however can be settled through political and vital goals.

What Alumni Want From Their Schools

What Alumni Want From Their Schools by: Nathan Allen on December 04, 2015 | 0 Comments Comments 732 Views December 4, 2015After spending four years and sometimes six figures at a school, it seems normal to expect something besides a piece of paper. How about some help getting a job? Or school-organized networking events? Or at least a school hat? Yet, often times, it’s the school asking for more.  This disconnect can leave recent grads frustrated and older alums confused, particularly if they havent heard from the school in years.Corporate Insight, a consulting firm focused on helping financial service providers connect and communicate with prospective and current clients, recently turned their expertise towards alumni relations. They found that while alums largely feel positively towards their alma maters, they’re not just going  to shell out big bucks with just a call. However,  the potential is there for alumni relations offices. Its just going to take a l ittle bit of relationship building.Theres much more of an emotionally driven impact of donations, explains Michael Ellison, Corporate Insights president and the son of a father-son leadership team. The donations seem to come from more of an emotional connection with the school. If you think about it, you can sense it, but to see it in such stark numbers is interesting.NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF ALUMS HAVE GIVEN TO SCHOOLSIn October, Corporate Insight conducted online surveys with more than 1,100 alums from 168 North American colleges and universities. The goal was to get a sense of how alums feel about their former schools and relations with that school. The researchers also set out to identify donation behaviors of alums.The universities ranged from large land-grant schools like the University of North Carolina and University of Oklahoma to top private institutions like Georgetown University and Duke University to military institutions such as the Air Force and Naval Academies.Times have nt been too tough for schools, the research, which was given to PoetsQuants,  shows. Some 61% of respondents have made a donation to their alma maters. Moreover, only 12% said they’d never donate to their former schools. But those donations mainly come in small amounts. About two-thirds (66%) donated $250 or less for their most recent donations.DEEP SCHOOL PRIDE MAIN REASON FOR DONATINGThe good news for the schools, Ellison says, is more than half of the respondents whove never donated are open to more involvement with the schools. The bad news is 56% of those respondents whove never donated say they cant afford to. The other bad news is more than 35% of those respondents are already donating to some sort of charity.Schools have got some competition even though they dont compete against one another, Ellison insists. They are competing amongst the wallet, if you will. Not only your day-to-day expenses, but the way you discretionarily spend your money.So what should schools d o? Keep their students emotionally involved, the study and Ellison say. According to the research the 47% of alums say they donate because they feel deep school pride. Some 44% say they donate to as a way to feel involved. Only 23% said they donated because of an impressive solicitation from the school. Just 21% say they donated because the school needs help. Page 1 of 3123 »

Society s Hierarchy Of Society - 2301 Words

For as long as humans have existed there has always been a divide amongst us, now even more so. With the rise of politics and social classes, the gap has simultaneously increased. ‘Britain is now one of the world’s most divided countries with children born into a wealthy family having far more advantages than those who are not.’ (Hope, 2010) Class identity is how a person defines themselves within the hierarchy of society. Society s hierarchy is mostly based on people s wealth, as well as where they live, whether it be in a rural or urban area, northern or southern. In some cases, class identity is used by individuals as a source of pride, with others it s a source of shame. Both Russel and Cartwright are English writers both being born in Lancashire which is near Liverpool, a city renowned for its pride in the working class heritage dating back in its history. Class identity can create a sense of community, as it helps people relate to those around them, as well as viewing themselves as living a similar life to those in the same social class. ‘The Conservatives have agreed to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. It is the first time Britain has had a coalition government in 70 years - and the first time these two parties have ever agreed to a power sharing deal at a national level in the UK. â⠂¬Ëœ (News.bbc.co.uk, 2010) The ideology of class systems has changed over time, due to political change, as demonstrated in the works of WillyShow MoreRelatedThe Functionalist Perspective On Society1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe functionalist perspective (functionalist) is a system that analyses how society helps stabilize itself. Essentially, each part of society works to fit a specific need in that society as a whole in order to generate upkeep. It also implements mutual values within the society claiming that these values also hold it together. This is a logical claim: if individuals within a community have similar interests it would be in their best interest to work together in exchange for these mutual values. FunctionalismRead MoreHandmaids tale1446 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 3rd, 2013 Hierarchy in The HandMaid s Tale Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale is a interesting novel that will have you confused but also have you bitting your nails with intrigue. So many questions might go in your head, at the same time; Atwood wrote this novel so her readers can have curiosity, even after reading the last word of the last paragraph of the last page of the book. One of the main topics of this novel is the effect on society when a women s fate is taken away fromRead MoreTopic . 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Likewise, society has developed the concept of social hierarchy to categorized people into different groups based on political, and socio-economic status. These themes have significant relevance to society and have reoc curred through to present day. Despite the differing contextRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesbest known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist in his time. One of the things that Maslow developed was the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The Hierarchy of Needs consist of five steps, where self-actualizationRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 Pagespages of Beowulf. Looked upon with an untrained eye, the egocentric and rapacious society in which Beowulf lives appears nearly unswayed by the delicate touch of a woman. But, upon review it is revealed through the poet’s diction the integral role of women in the Dane’s cultures. Women have the apparently non essential duty of carrying around the mead cup, but, it is revealed that this task establishes a hierarchy within the Mead hall. As well as this, woman also play a significant role in the politicsRead More7. . . In Conjugated Oppression: Class And Ethnicity Among1495 Words   |  6 Pages the border between Panama and Costa Rica. During his research, he focused on what he calls the plantation s occupational hierarchy a class classification structure that exists, in turn, within another type of hierarchy: an ethnic hierarchy. However, the inconstant separation between class relations and ethnic relations is even more evident, since, although the occupational hierarchy occurs on an economic level, and the ethnic in an ideological one, both are in an inherent relation, establishingRead MoreFilm Analysis : Slumdog Millionaire1742 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the structural hierarchy of the key layers in the movie(Police, Inspector, Game Show Host, Jamal, Salim and Latika) There is a structural hierarchy in the movie which makes sure that people remain in their prescribed role where the inspector is at the top then Salim and Jamal is at the bottom of the hierarchy. The individuals at the top are more privileged to power and money while the people at the bottom are struggling to make it in to the world. In the eyes of the society in India, the inspectorRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? 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In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck recreates a social hierarchy between his supporting characters to prove that those who are weak and vulnerable are subject to ostracism and ridicule.

Assignment 4 Pugin - 1371 Words

Leigh Hamilton AA100 TMA 4 In what ways did Pugin’s revival of the Gothic use tradition as a form of dissent? Essay Plan Introduction – What is dissent? Introduce Pugin Paragraphs 1 2 – Pugin’s aims and inspiration Paragraph 3 – Attack on the era of Reformations and Protestantism. Plate 4.7 â€Å"decay of taste†. Difference in Church styles. Paragraph 4 – Treatment of the poor. Plate 2.4.11 Paragraph 5 – â€Å"Christian† architecture – pointing upwards. Paragraphs 6 7 – Emphasis on Britain’s’ greatness – not requiring ideas from other countries. Big Ben Paragraph 8 - Conclusion Leigh Hamilton AA100 TMA 4 In what ways did Pugin’s revival of the Gothic use tradition as a form of dissent? To answer this question, we must first ask†¦show more content†¦While the Contrasts focused and differences and similarities between the two historical periods, Pugin’s next book True Principles focused on the Gothic as being a true Christian architecture (Richardson, McKellar, Woods, 2008, p.128). Pugin advocated for â€Å"pointed† or â€Å"Christian† architecture (as Pugin called then what is now referred to as Gothic style; Richardson, McKellar, Woods, 2008, p. 113) aimed to reach up to heaven, symbolising Jesus’ resurrection. Pugin stressed an

The Period From The Eighth To The Fourteenth Century Was One Of Vast R Essay Example For Students

The Period From The Eighth To The Fourteenth Century Was One Of Vast R Essay eforms,some for the better and some for the worse. During this period in Europe, commonlyknown as The Middle Ages, economic reforms took place as well as social, political, andreligious changes. One common theme throughout The Middle Ages consisted of therelationship between the Church and the State. The Catholic church during this era held aprominent role in society, and it had an abundant amount of power and authority duringthis time. The Catholic Church exercised its authority in many different stages, in which aresponse from the people occurred because of the way the Church showed its power. The nature of the Catholic Church began its reform around the time Charlemagne,from 768 to 814, took control. He became a Christian emperor and the first great politicalleader in Western Europe. His main goal was to promote the Roman Catholic religionthroughout all of the world known to man, and to do this Charlemagne coordinated withthe pope, which in turn the pope crowned him the holy Roman Emperor. Charlemagnestrived to reestablish central authority and revive the culture of the Early Middle Ages,and he succeeded by gaining authority over a large area, including almost all of Westernand Central Europe (Charlemagne p.130-131). Charlemagne also made many reforms,mostly Church and educational ones. He first reformed the monasteries by making themBenedictine; he also made sure that the churches were abiding by the rules and not doinganything wrong. Charlemagne designed a system in which four archbishops were set up infour different regions with their headquarters in cities in that par ticular region. Thearchbishops appoint bishops authority in their territories. As the Catholic Churchsauthority increases during this time, it also comes with consequences. This system ofarchbishops and bishops are great for the Church, but Charlemagne uses them as royalagents, which is part of royal policy. Furthermore, Charlemagne makes reforms ineducation in order to further improve the Church; he sets up a system which strengthensthe priesthood by setting up bishop schools. These reforms indicate a lack of divisionbetween religious and secular affairs (Charlemagne p.131). Who really has authority, is itthe pope or the king? King Charlemagne did make all of the reforms, but the pope alsocrowned him holy Roman Emperor. This will create problems in the near future betweenthe Church and the State. The nature of the Catholic Churchs authority again changed during the HighMiddle Ages in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Basically, the papacy became moreconfident by claiming greater powers and actually challenging the monarchs themselves fortotal authority (Sherman p.166). Pope Gregory VII is a great example of the increasedconfidence and authority during these times. The papacy under this pope asserted itspowers under the proposition derived from Pope Gregory VII. It indicates many of thepowers that the Church claims to hold. Some of them include: The pope is the onlyperson whose feet are kissed by all princes. He may depose emperors. He may bejudged by no one (Pope Gregory VII p.168). The pope is obviously claiming higherauthority over the State, especially over the emperor. The Church also had the power toexcommunicate members of the Catholic Church, which holds a sever punishmentespecially during the Middle Ages. Because an excommunicated person was forbiddenfrom all socia l intercourse, this punishment would thus be terrible politically, socially, aswell as economically (Noble p.204). In the thirteenth century, Pope Innocent IIIcontinued to claim powers for the Church and even had some of his claims hold up. Heclaimed that the royal power derived the brilliance of dignity from the pontifical authority,which includes the pope (Pope Innocent III p.197). Central governments in the Europeannations began to evolve and try to change the ways of the papacy, which, in turn, broughtup problems for the Church (Noble p.205). This is especially true with the case of PopeBoniface VIII. He issued a letter which forbade the taxation of the clergy without explicitpapal permission, and King Philip IV responded by campaigning against the pope. This,in turn, rallied support for the monarchy in France (Noble p.222). This attack on PopeBoniface VIII unveils the extreme splits in the Christian community; it seemed apparentafter these events that European governments had n o intention of recognizing absolutepapal authority (Noble p. 226). .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .postImageUrl , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:visited , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:active { border:0!important; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:active , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood EssayThe nature of the Catholic Church was basically transformed during the LateMiddle Ages in the fourteenth century, due mainly to the aftermath of the Great Schism, asplit between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. Because of the problems between theChurch and the State and the challenges that kings laid on the Church, popes had to dealmuch more carefully with the governments of Europe. During the Late Middle Ages, thekings of France and England along with the rulers in Germany, Italy, and the papacy allovercame the political and cultural crises that arose during the schism. The nature of the Catholic Churchs authority during the Middle Ages is apparent,but how does the Church use the power they hold and beset to discharge its religiousmission? During the Early Middle Ages, Charlemagne mostly spread Christianity throughconquering new lands and basically forcing the new peoples to abide by the rules of theCatholic Church. He was often on the move with his troops and missionaries going tonew lands preaching Christianity. Charlemagne became involved in numerous wars withthe Saxons. Soon, the Saxons were forced to accept the terms of Charlemagne; they hadto leave their pagan religion, accept Christianity, and be united with the Franks (Einhardp.133). During the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages, the Churchdischarged its religious mission through the crusades, initiated by the Church in order tospread Christianity at the cost of the Islamic religion (Sherman p.183). The first crusadeswere very successful because the Christian forces reestablished control of Spain andestablished control in the Holy Land for most of the twelfth century (Sherman p.183). Pope Urban II justified his call for a crusade in a plea that he stated. He justified his callfor a crusade because the Persians, a race of people which he states are alienated fromGod, have destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their ownreligion (Pope Urban II p.185). Basically, he seeks change in the areas where the Persianslive, and he demands a change; therefore, he called for a crusade. Furthermore, PopeEugenius IIIs inducements for crusades further exemplified the power of the papacyduring the twelfth century. He states that the Church can grant full remission of sins, andthe mens wives, children, and other possessions are under protection of the Holy Church(Pope Eugenius III p.187). In the fourteenth century of the Late Middle Ages, the churchs authority wasbeing questioned by powerful European monarchs, so the Church had to fight for the rightdischarge its religious mission; the powers it used to hold were being questioned, so theChurch was more worried about keeping those rights than anything else. Furthermore, theConciliar Movement was brought up in discussion and placed ultimate power to a Churchcouncil, which would diminish the powers of the pope. This movement was extremelypopular and also revealed the problems facing the Church; no spread of Christianity wastaking place. The Decree Sacrosancta declares that the Church council had powers overanyone in the areas of things that pertain to the Church of God (Sherman p.218). TheDecree Frequens states that a council will always be in session (Sherman p.219). Thesetwo decrees would definitely limit the powers of the pope, but this never happened due tothe election of a single pope, Martin V. Moreover, heresy was a major problem facing theChurch. Groups like the Waldensians posed a major threat to the Church. They wereexcommunicated because they did not abide by the Church, they preach that they are in noway under the power of the pope, and they claim that they hold the power of hearingconfessions without even being a member of the Church (Gui p.219-220). Heresy posed ahuge threat to the Church; they were more worried about losing authority during thesetimes instead of promoting Christianity. .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .postImageUrl , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:visited , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:active { border:0!important; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:active , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Espionage and thrillers EssayChristianity throughout the Middle Ages, from the eighth century until thefourteenth, has been impacted several times by the monarchies of Europe and by thepapacy. Considering everything the Catholic Church has gone through , was it successfulin the religious mission it set out for. The answer to this question is very opinionated tohistorians, but I believe the answer is no. Notably during the High Middle Ages in whichthe crusades occurred, many popes set out into various lands including Byzantium andIslam in order to spread Christianity and stop the popularity of the Islamic religion. Manyhistorians believe that the Crusades contributed to the economic and intellectualdevelopment of Europe by reopening Mediterranean east-west trade, but these people arewrong (Cantor p.192). All the Crusades did was stir up religious prejudice and theintolerance of Muslims (Cantor p.193). Although the Christian world learned a great dealfrom the Muslims, the Crusades were not a part of this occurrence. In addition, the factthat heresy occurred from such groups as the Hussites and the Waldensians further provesthat the papacy had problems with people actually turning away from the Catholic Church. How could the Church be successful in its religious mission if groups of people arebreaking away from it?

The detective genre Essay Example

The detective genre Essay His most famous feature is his intelligence, which he demonstrates very modestly. He always presents his deductions with an air of understatement: There is no mystery, my dear madam. As Holmes listens to Helen Stoners story in The Speckled Band, the same quiet confidence and ability to encourage and reassure in very few words is apparent. He talks very little compared to his visitor, but has the ability to listen completely attentively to every detail of her description, Leaning back in his chair with his eyes closed Sherlock Holmes tends to have a great deal of concentration and imagination as he questions Helen Stoner and contemplates the situation, as he has a fair idea of the real events of the story before he leaves his room. The detective work is done within his mind and his visit to the scene of the crime is really only to confirm what he has already deduced. Sherlock Holmes is a hard working, observant character, unlike the police, the public had lost faith in the police and it was down to Doyle to make Sherlock Holmes a detective who could actually continuously unravel clues, solve crimes and build public hope. We will write a custom essay sample on The detective genre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The detective genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The detective genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The other great appeal of the compilation of stories is that the modern reader sees a real historical period of living, which has now passed by. As readers like to see life in olden days, Doyle represents this brilliantly in his stories. In The Speckled Band there is the reference to the dogcart in which Victorians travelled around in, to the attire of Helen Stoner when she visits Holmes. She raised her veil as she spoke and we could see that she was indeed in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and gray, with restless, frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal. Her features and figure were those of a woman of thirty, but her hair was shot with premature gray, and her expression was weary and haggard. The reference to the veil shows the audience that something as gone wrong, as people only tend to wear veils either if your getting married or if someone has died as its tradition to wear such garments.

Quo Vadis -- Christian Persecution essays

Quo Vadis Christian Persecution essays On July 28, 2004, we were assigned to watch a movie called, Quo Vadis, which re-enacted the happenings in the time of Nero and the persecutions of Christians. On this, we were assigned to comment on three different aspects of the film: (1) the portrayal of Nero, (2) the portrayal of Christians or Christianity, and lastly, (3) the portrayal of the persecutions. In the movie, we see Nero as that person who may never have known anything except how to sing off-key tunes. He is seen as the vain, whiny, ignorant monster of an emperor who would do anything, even burn the whole city, to have what he wants. While this may be true, I believe that the film portrayed only the bad qualities he has because Nero was also a great emperor in his early years. Two of Neros qualities include modesty and sophistication. Brought up in an environment where people kill and deceive each other to get what they want, Nero behaved quite otherwise. In fact, early in his reign, Nero hated signing death sentences and had forbidden contests that included bloodshed. He also granted the Senate more control than they originally had. When the Senate returned thanks to him, he replied, When I shall have deserved them . More of his contributions to Rome include the following: (1) he started competitions in poetry and theatre, (2) he allowed slaves to pursue charges against unjust masters , and (3) he devised new forms for the buildings of the city after the fire . Later on, he still formulated great plans for his empire, but that did not hide the fact that most of what he was doing was done for his own wants or pleasures. When he realized that he could do anything without instituting fear of retribution, Nero began to give rein to extreme artistic pretensions. This, I believe, is his greatest downfall. His vanity as a poet, as a singer, as a lyre player and as an actor led him to do unnecessary actions like the burning of t...

Operations Management Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations Management Questions - Essay Example The use of systems theory can be said to be a specialized form of system thinking which implies that systems are integrated into the activities of a manufacturing or service operator. They are integrated for the purposes of increasing a business’s profitability, efficiency along with many other aspects that are described in the paper. Service operations are actually concerned with giving guidance on the achievement of effectiveness along with efficiency in delivering and supporting the services offered by a business (Harvard Business Review, 2000). This is done so that the customer and service providers are assured of their money’s value. These operations may be used by a business in the achievement of their strategic objectives and this fact makes the service a very critical and essential capability of a business entity (Hammer and Champy, 2001). The purpose of providing guidance is to maintain steadiness in the service operation strategies in a business. It allows for changes in the designs, scales, scope along with the service levels being applied by a business. An organization is provided with a detailed guideline process, tools along with methods for using when controlling reactive and proactive reactions (Johnston and Clark, 2005). The business managers along with practitioners attain knowledge that helps them in making more appropriate and better decisions on various aspects. These aspects include the management of the availability of the services, the control of demand for their services, optimizing the utilization of the existing capacities, making schedules of their operations and the fixing of various problems affecting their business. The guidance that is offered involves the support of the business service operations through the use of newer copies and architectures (Hammer and Champy, 2001). The examples of these services are the utilization of a shared service, mobile business along with web services. On the other hand, manufacturin g operations usually concern themselves with the functioning of a business or a facility in contrast to the issues of maintaining, supplying distributing the products from the business. There are many differences that exist between the two processes (Harvard Business Review, 2000). For instance, service operations are usually labor intensive with the delivery of their products involving their interactions with humans along with many processes that are manual (Chopra and Meindl, 2001). The industry does not require the utilization of standardization along with automation of procedures like the manufacturing operations to augment their efficiencies. Manufacturing operations often require the use of systems that help in the scheduling of activities to enhance the coordination of these activities (Paton, Clegg, Hsuan and Pilkington, 2011). The service operations may not require the scheduling activities on a temporary basis as opposed to the manufacturing operations which might require them on a permanent basis (Harvard Business Review, 2000). The customers usually play a vital role in the service operations and their initiation. This involvement by the customers often brings service heterogeneity and greatly impacts the quality of the services being offered. The different and distinct needs of the customers involved makes the providers change the contents of their

The Issues of Terrorism and Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issues of Terrorism and Culture - Assignment Example To support this, the spate of terrorists’ activities that have taken place in countries such as Libya, this was under Muammar Gaddafi, and other Middle East countries act as evidence. Terrorism has also been integrated into cases of religious barriers as seen in most Middle East countries, which are divided between Christianity and Islamic grounds. Therefore, terrorism is widely used in conflicts between countries such as America and Iraq, or conflicts based on religious grounds such as Christianity and Islam. Terrorism is a tool used in bringing about political change in nations both domestically and internationally (Whittaker, 2007). The term terrorism finds its roots in the French revolution in the 16th century and governments that aimed at bringing sanity and political stabilization to their native citizens. The divisions in defining terrorism base their origin on religious differences as well as conflicts between nations. In international conflict, terrorism is a tool of political violence against the enemy of the state. For example, the war between the Americans and the Israelites, the Americans used terror attacks against the Israelites to instil fear so that Americans could have solid ground to attack the Israelites. In a civil war, terrorism can also be used to explain the acts of violence carried out in the conflict. The other aspect of terrorism is viewed from outside the western viewpoint of terrorism. It is a weapon of alarm for public concern such as in university demonstrations and seminars, witchcraft among others. There is another view of terrorism, and that is terrorism from below, which is in three phases. The first phase that occurred in the 18th century included assassinations and bombing. The second phase occurred in the 19th century and involved acts of violence in most of the European countries. The third phase occurred in the 20th century and included actions from nationalist movements, religious movements and the secular group.     

Man or Brute Essay Example for Free

Man or Brute Essay The Analysis of the Monster of Frankenstein: Man or Brute What is the difference between man and beast? The answer to that question is as grey as the gloomy clouds that constantly hang over Dr. Frankenstein’s head. Mary Shelley’s characters Dr. Frankenstein and his monster from her novel Frankenstein blur the lines between civilized and animalistic. Before chapter ten the monster is an ominous character, only being seen a few times. The true disposition of the character has yet to be established. Through the setting of the passage, and rhetorical questioning Mary Shelley builds on the motif of redemption and using invectives is able to build layers of depth and complexity of the character. Shelley characterizes the monster as isolated, self pitying, vulnerable, and aggressive. Mary Shelley uses the dismal and frigid setting of chapter ten to indirectly characterize the monster as isolated and cut off. During the paragraphs preceding the meeting of the monster and Dr. Frankenstein, he orates the scene in great detail, saying that â€Å"A mist covered the surrounding mountains. Presently a breeze dissipated the clouds, and I descended upon the glacier† (Shelley 80). The description generates an icy and desolate ambiance surrounding the setting right before the entrance of the monster. By introducing the monster into a dismal and frigid atmosphere Shelley deepens the layers of the monster’s character by creating an indirect link between him and the setting. The setting is elaborated when the monster himself describes his habitat by saying, â€Å"dreary glaciers are my refuge† and â€Å"These bleak skies I hail, for they are kinder to me than your fellow-beings† (82). Shelley repeatedly uses the word â€Å"glacier,† first when Frankenstein describes the scene and again when the monster describes them as his â€Å"refuge†. The word glacial, which means of ice, or icy,   builds the foundation to make the connection between glacial and the synonym frigid. Also, the utilization of words such as â€Å"dreary† and â€Å"bleak†, which are synonyms with dismal, reinforcing the fact that the monster, himself feels more secure in the remote and abyss like caves than in civilization. Therefore, he is an isolated creature cut off from the human world, which leads to the formation of feelings of indignation towards humans and his self pitying nature. Through the use of rhetorical questioning Shelley expresses the monster’s feelings of indignation, inducing the characterization of his self pitying nature. Feeling wronged by humans, especially his creator, the monster eludes to his distress through questions such as, â€Å"Have I not suffered enough that you seek to increase my misery? (81). The monster uses phrases like this in the effort to make Dr. Frankenstein aware of the pain he has inflicted. However, Dr. Frankenstein is not remorseful for his actions, so again the monster floods Frankenstein with statements such as, â€Å"am I not alone, miserably alone? You my creator abhor me† (82). The â€Å"misery† that the monster refers to is the neglect and rejection that he feels from his creator, which in return fuels his hatred towards humans, and his feelings of sadness for himself. The repetitive use of the polarizing structure of â€Å"I† verses â€Å"You† shows the monster’s tendency to blame Dr. Frankenstein for all his misery in order to feel the gratification of his self pitying actions. In the eyes of the monster the only way to justify the matter is   for Frankenstein to accept him. The motif of redemption is prevalent throughout out the passage as the monster pleads for it, which characterizes him as vulnerable. The monster beseeches Frankenstein for redemption and acceptance by saying â€Å"I am thy creature Remember that I am thy creature;   I ought to be thy Adam† (81). In the simile of the monster and Adam, the monster hints at the fact that he has sinned, and yearns for compassion and redemption from his creator. Like Adam in the biblical story when he sinned and ate from the tree of knowledge he became aware of his nakedness. In the context of the monster the nakedness represents vulnerability. The comparison of Adam and the monster is used by Shelley to bring humanistic characteristics to the monster by hinting at his corruption and vulnerability. On multiple occasions the monster says â€Å"I entreat you to hear me† (81) and â€Å"How can I move thee? † and again saying â€Å"Listen to my tale† (82). At least three separate times the monster pleads for a chance. By asking for redemption the monster puts himself at the mercy of Dr. Frankenstein, making himself emotionally vulnerable. The layers of the monster are built by having constant contrast between the monster emotional vulnerability and physically dominance. Mary Shelley contrasts the monsters emotional vulnerability with physical aggressiveness; shown through short invective outbursts. After seeing that Frankenstein was unmoved by his plea the monster resorts to contemplating physical retaliation. The invectives, short intense emotional verbal attacks, can also be described as verbal threats. For example the monster says, â€Å"Do your duty towards me, and I will do mine towards you and the rest of mankind†¦but if you refuse, I will glut the maw of death, until it be satiated with the blood of your remaining friends† (81). The graphic threats towards Frankenstein help to characterize the monster as aggressive. Not only does the monster threaten Frankenstein’s friends he threatens all humans saying â€Å"deliver them from the evil†¦ Not only you and your family, but thousands of others, shall be swallowed up in the whirlwinds of its rage† (82). As the passage goes on the threats become darker and more horrific contemplations, resemble   more animalistic than civilized thoughts. Shelley clouds the line of reason on whether or not the monster is human or beast. Mary Shelley is able to create an antagonist with such depth, by using the setting to indirectly characterize the monster as isolated and cutoff. She comments on the natural need for acceptance and how when this is not met, it leads to the formation of emotional vulnerability. Shelley adds complexity to the monster by exploring the cause and effect relationship between the lack of acceptance of his creator and his constant need for Dr. Frankenstein’s affirmation. The aggressive tendencies shown in the text through invectives as threats, also hints at the monster’s animal like origins. This passage is essential to the understanding of the monster, because it offers immeasurable insight to the minds and mannerisms of the characters. The lines that separate human from brute become blurred and the criteria for being a man are questioned. Work Cited Shelley, Mary. Chapter 10. Frankenstein. New York: Penguin Group, 2000. 78-83. Print.

George Washington Carver Essay -- essays research papers

George Washington Carver was a African American scientist who showed many intriguing thoughts of nature throughout his life span of being one of the most dedicated scientist. George was born in Diamond Missouri, but his exact date of birth is not known by people. Never the less, one of the most remarkable inventors was born. Many people speculate that he was born sometime in January in 1964, while others believe he was born in June. George was born as a small and weak baby, and he had his first challenge of overcoming various obstacles as a baby. Possibly one of his biggest goals that he had to overcome was growing up without having any parents. His father was killed in an accident while he was just a baby. George lived in a small cabin with his mother and brother James. Everything was going fine for George until one night when a raiding group of people came breaking into there home. They kidnapped George, along with his mother, while James went in the woods for a place to hide so h e won’t be captured. James would be leaded by his owner’s Moses and Susan Carver. Eventually George would escape from the people who capture him, and join his brother again as they would be guided by there owners. As being a black slave, they never adopted the last name from there parents. Only after the end of the Civil War, both James and George picked Carver to be their last name. George would stay with his owner’s that took care of him, and he would help out with the chores to show his appreciation. He became very fond of plants and at a early age George would plant and maintain the garden on the farm. He became so good at planting and gardening, his owner’s would give him the name â€Å"The Plant Doctor.† The Carver’s taught George many of the basic things that every child should know at the ealy age. George learned how to read and write with no problems. Many people thought and knew that George had an excellent future ahead of himself due to the fact that he has a quick ability to pick up on new traits that he learns. At first things didn’t look to bright for Carver’s future, he tried to enlist into the school in Diamond Grove, but was turned down because of racism. They told Carver that African American’s were not permitted to attend the school. With the news of this, George left home on his own, to attend a color school in the community of Neosho. He had to find someone who ... ...d inventions. When asked why Carver said â€Å"God gave them to me, how can I sell them to someone else?† Carver was never a married man, and in 1940 he gave his life savings of $33,000 to the Tuskegee Institute. As an appreciation to his donation and effort that he brought forth, the money was used to establish the George Washington Carver Research Foundation for agriculture research. Carver received many awards for his accomplishments, in 1916 he was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in London. In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded him the Spingarn Medal for distinguished service in agricultural chemistry. In 1939, Carver received the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for his contributions to the world of science, and in 1951 the George Washington Carver National Monument was established in Missouri on the farm where Carver was born at. Carver died at Tuskegee, on January 5, 1943 and is buried on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute. To show the prosperity and gratitude that George Washington Carver brought to the world of science, Congress declared every January 5th a day to honor Carver, and all of his wonderful achievements that he gave us.

Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009

Amelioration The anti-slavery movement developed in the early 1800s was a formidable force in the quest to end slavery. The West India Committee, in a bid to head off attacks, agreed to proposals to improve the condition of the slaves. These proposals were called amelioration proposals and came into effect in 1823. The proposals said that the British government should write to each of the colonial governors, suggesting that the assemblies pass local laws to improve the condition of slaves. The proposals were as follows: 1. Female slaves should not be whipped, and the overseers and drivers should not carry a whip in the fields. . Records should be kept of all lashes given to male slaves and all punishments should be put off for at least 24 hours. 3. Religious instruction and marriages were to be encouraged. 4. Slaves could testify in court against a free man, provided that a minister supplied him with a character reference. 5. Slaves should have time off on Saturdays to go to market, so they would be free to attend church on Sunday mornings. 6. Slaves should not be sold as payment for debts. 7. There should be the establishment of slave savings banks which would help slaves to save money to buy their freedom.The failure of amelioration These measures were met with fierce resistance from colonies such as Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and Dominica. Instead of improved conditions for the slaves, they faced increased brutality from the planters. In the end, most of the assemblies passed only a few of the less-important amelioration proposals. Amelioration failed, but it provided one of the major impetuses for the abolition of slavery. It became evident that the planters were unwilling to improve the lives of the slaves and, as such, the only other option was to put an end to slavery.Emancipation 1. All slaves in the British Empire were to be set free on August 1, 1834. 2. Slave children under six years old were to be freed immediately. 3. All other slaves were to se rve a period of apprenticeship. They were to work for their masters for 401/2 hours per week. They would be paid only for overtime. Praedial (field) slaves were to serve six years apprenticeship and non-praedial (domestic) slaves to serve four years. 4. Planters were to continue providing food, shelter, clothing, medical care and other allowances which they were accustomed to during slavery.Apprentices could not be sold and they could buy their freedom before apprenticeship came to an end. 5. A sum of ? 20 million was granted by the British Parliament to compensate slave owners for the loss of their slaves. 6. Stipendiary magistrates (SMs) were to be sent from England to ensure the proper working of the apprenticeship system and to settle all disputes between masters and apprentices. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of Apprenticeship a) To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom. b) To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom. ) To train apprentices for freedom, especially working for wages. d) To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The stipendiary magistrates were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain and were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline. They were chosen because they were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. Duties of stipendiary magistrates a) To supervise the apprenticeship system. b) To settle disputes between masters and apprentices. ) To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court. d) To inspect jail and workhouses. e) To assist in fixing the value of slaves who wanted to buy their freedom. These duties were strenuous and led to the death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment. Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependants if the SM died in service. There was also no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he were dismissed or out of service.These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted. They were abused physically, verbally and in the press and they were often obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates a) They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. ) They informed apprentices of their rights; they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. c) They helped apprentices to organise their l ives better by giving advice. However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to the workhouse. However, SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill.There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time. Methods to control apprentices on the estates †¢ It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. †¢ Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. †¢ High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets co uld be withdrawn. Refusal of planters to give customary allowances. †¢ Finding fault with apprentices', work which had to be done over in the apprentices' free time. †¢ Locking up apprentices on false charges and dropping the charges before the arrival of the SM. †¢ Cutting down apprentices' fruit trees and forbidding them to own livestock. †¢ Spreading the 40 1/2 hours per week over five days instead of four. †¢ Paying low wages, making unfair deductions from wages, paying wages late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: a) The system was not achieving its aims. ) The anti-slavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. c) The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. d) Some planters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted ful l freedom to their slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. Nineteenth century immigration (Part 1)Reason for immigration 1. A decrease in the labour force. With the end of the apprenticeship system in 1838, the planters no longer had a labour force they could easily control. Apprentices had now gained their freedom and many were reluctant to work any at all on the plantation. In the smaller territories, where the ability to access land was limited and alternative occupations were limited, ex-slaves had no choice but to continue plantation work. For example, planters in Barbados and St Kitts had very little difficulty in accessing labour in the post-Emancipation period.It was in the large territories, such as Jamaica, British Guiana and Trinidad, that planters faced such difficulty and had to turn to immigration schemes as an alternative labour so urce. The hope was that immigration would provide a permanent source of labour for the plantations. 2. An attempt to suppress wages. There was the hope that immigration would generate competition for the ex-slaves and so help to keep wages down. Ex-slaves demanded adequate remuneration, but the planters found that they could suppress wages if they could introduce cheap foreign labour.This, in essence, would reduce the demand power of the ex-slaves because if they refused what was being offered, an immigrant was quite able to fill the position. Besides, if sugar production was to continue, a cheap, efficient and reliable source of labour had to be found. Immigration schemes THE EUROPEANS Due to a decline in the white population, planters sought European immigrants to increase the size of the white population. It was hoped that Europeans would set an example of industry to ex-slaves and as well eventually develop into a middle class.They would settle on available land in the interior, thus forcing ex-slaves off the land and back to the plantations. Jamaica imported the largest number. Europeans also went to Trinidad, British Guiana and St Kitts. These immigrants were mainly Scots, Irish, French and Germans. They were recruited under a bounty system. Problems with European Immigration Europeans were unsatisfactory as most died shortly after they arrived. They died from tropical diseases, heat stroke and many drank themselves to death. They also refused to work on the plantations with blacks.Many asked to be sent home or migrated to the United States. Planters also failed to supply proper food, shelter and medical facilities. THE PORTUGUESE In Madeira, workers were paid only one third of what they could earn in the islands per day, so they were attracted by the higher wages being offered in the Caribbean, especially British Guiana. Many went to Trinidad and a few to the Windward Islands. They were brought in by government bounty. Most came during periods of famine in Madeira (1846-1847). Their numbers decreased after 1847 until the scheme ended in 1882.Problems with Madeiran immigration The Madeirans died in large numbers. They suffered severely from yellow fever, malaria, overwork and inadequate food. The scheme was very irregular and most of them went into trading as soon as their contracts ended. In addition, the Madeiran Government objected to the scheme, since so many of its citizens were leaving, and implemented measures making it difficult for their recruitment. THE AFRICANS There were two distinct groups of Africans that were used as labourers in the post-emancipation period. These were the free Africans and the liberated Africans.The free Africans were persons who willingly opted to come and work on the plantations in the Caribbean. The liberated Africans were persons freed by British naval personnel from vessels illegally transporting them to the Caribbean as slaves. Free Africans Attempts were made to obtain Africans from the Kru Coast and Sierra Leone. The British Government was reluctant to grant approval of this scheme as it seemed to be a revival of the slave trade. However, in 1840, approval was granted. At first, they were recruited privately, but the British government assumed direct control two years later.Problems 1. Very few Africans were willing to come to the Caribbean. There were no catastrophes in Africa, which would make them leave. 2. Many who came to the Caribbean did not remain on the plantation; rather they followed the ex-slaves and settled on lands and became peasant farmers. Liberated Africans The largest number of Africans who came to the British Caribbean were ‘rescued' by the British Navy from slave ships bound for Cuba and Brazil. These Africans were forcibly indentured for up to five years in the Caribbean primarily in British Guiana, Trinidad and Jamaica. Problems 1.The number of liberated Africans was too small to make a difference to the labour situation. This scheme ended when Cuba and Brazil abolished slavery in 1866 and 1888, respectively. Like the ex-slaves, they abandoned the estates and settled on land. THE CHINESE The first Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad in 1806 from Malaya. They were to be indentured for five years, with a promise of small plots of land afterwards. They were extremely unsuitable for estate labourer and most were shipped back. Most Chinese immigrants came during the period 1859-1886 and went to British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad.They came mostly from the Portuguese colony of Macao and from Canton. Others came as well because of the Teiping Rebellion (1851-1864). Problems with Chinese Immigration Planters complained that the Chinese did not make good estate workers and few re-indentured themselves. They preferred to return to China or open retail shops. In addition, they were more expensive than the Indians. The Chinese Government also insisted that a full return passage be granted after a five-year indenture contract . The planters were willing to pay this only after two five-year contract.The Chinese Government also opposed immigration because they were ill-treated in Cuba. Most Chinese avoided the West Indies preferring to go to the United States or to find work nearer home in Java or the Philippines. Lastly, race relations between blacks and Chinese were quite poor. THE INDIANS The first Indians arrived in 1838 on Gladstone's Estate in British Guiana. However, the British Government stopped the scheme because of evidence of ill-treatment and the high death rate among the immigrant in Mauritius. However, due to pressure from the planters the British re-opened Indians immigration scheme in 1844.It was not difficult to find willing immigrants. Many craftsmen had lost their jobs due to competition from mechanised factories and mills of England. India was becoming overpopulated and there was not enough land to divide among the younger generation. Wages in India had fallen to 1/2d per day and there was a series of famine during the period 1857-1877 that led to an increase in food prices. Those escaping the police and the caste system were also willing to migrate. The Caribbean seemed attractive with high wages, shelter, medical care and a chance to find new occupations beside agriculture.Indians were easily recruited as India was a British colony. British ships and trading costs were already there and the British Government could easily provide British officials to supervise the scheme. Planters were satisfied with the Indians because they were hardworking, accustomed to tropical agriculture and re-indentured themselves. Economic effect on the sugar industry British West Indian planters had turned to immigration as a means of reviving the sugar industry. The hope was that with the steady supply of labour, planters could focus on increasing their output.Immigration, however, did not have its desired impact, especially in a colony like Jamaica. In territories such as Trinidad a nd British Guiana, we cannot assume that it was immigration that saved their sugar industry. For instance, they introduced mechanisation and placed more lands under sugar cane cultivation. These could be seen as measures that helped to save their sugar industries. Barbados could be used as another example. Up to 1848, there had seen an increase in their output by 250 per cent. However, by the end of the 19th century this had declined.We cannot assume that this was because Barbados was not using immigrant labour that its output declined. During the period, the territory was plagued by problems, including soil exhaustion and inadequate mechanisation. The overall conclusion must be that immigration did not cause increased sugar production in the British West Indies, as many other factors could have been responsible. Other economic effects 1. As a result of Indian immigration, the rice industry was developed in British Guiana and the cocoa industry in Trinidad. 2.They also helped to mak e central factories profitable by cultivating cane on small farms then selling it to the central factory. Social effects 1. Indians were considered inferior and they could only acquire poorly paid jobs. They could not settle in the towns, but had to live in the countryside where they formed an active peasant class. The employment of Indians mainly as field workers led to the employment of blacks in better jobs, for example, the police force. 2. The ex-slaves despised the Indians and refused to work alongside them in the fields. They were described as ‘heathens' because of their speech and clothing.Indians also despised the blacks because of their alleged low moral standards. 3. Immigration led to the expansion of social services, for example, medical facilities and a large police force. Cultural effects 1. Family – Indians brought their firm family structure, in which all relations supported each other. The idea of extended family, which included several generations, wa s very strong. All males over age 16 were members of the family council and made all decisions of the family, for example, marriage, religious ceremonies and expenditure. 2. Religion – Hinduism –Hindus worshipped several gods, of which Brahma was the most important. He was the supreme god or creator. They believed that when people die, their souls are reborn in a new body. The Hindus had very strict divisions in the society; this was known as the caste system. Each person belonged to a special group or caste. The Brahmins or the religious leaders were at the top of the society and the Hindus in the Caribbean continued to follow them as their leaders. Islam – A number of Indians who came were also Muslims. They believed in one God, Allah. They followed the teachings of the Quran. . Festivals – Divali or festival of lights was celebrated by the Hindus. They told stories, shared gifts, decorated their windows and doors with lights and candles. Hosein  œ A Muslim festival for small temples made from paper and bamboo were decorated and carried in a procession through the streets, accompanied by dancing to the beats of drums. 4. Food – roti, rice, curry 5. Dress – turban sari 6. Buildings – Hindu temples Muslim mosques houses built in Indian styles Other cultural effects The Indians normally segregated themselves deliberately in the educational institution.Oftentimes, they were unwilling to send their children to school since they feared they could be converted to Christianity. It was not until the late 1870s when separate schools for Indian children were established, mainly by the Canadian Presbyterian Mission to the Indians, that Indian children went to school and language barriers began to crumble. Indian integration in the Caribbean was not very easy since many of them spoke the Hindi language which served as a language barrier. | |

Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Parent Homes

The purpose of this paper is to express the advantages and disadvantages of single parent homes. As compared to over forty to fifty years ago, single-parent families are common in today’s world. A single parent is a parent with one or more children, who is not living with any of the children’s other parents. The percentage of children who live with two parents has been declining among all racial and ethnic groups throughout the years. It has been found that children in single-parent homes generally fare worse than those in homes with two parents. In today’s single parent households there are many advantages and disadvantages. Even after you weigh the single parenting pros and cons you will see that the disadvantages of single parenting†¦show more content†¦The effects of coming from a low income family can include things like lower education levels, lower economic achievement and can result in leaving the child feeling isolated and lonely. It would appea r that being a part of a single-parent household indicates a negative family environment. It should be said however that many single parent families find a balance and successfully thrive in today’s world. Single parents often worry that their children will somehow be damaged from living in a single parent family. While a single parent family may not be the ideal situation for raising children, many two parent families are also less than desirable. Kids can actually benefit from living in a single parent family. A home filled with conflict is the least desirable home environment for children. When the child’s prior two parent household included frequent fighting between the adults the child can benefit from living in one parent home provided that the conflict is stopped. Children observe adult relationships and usually apply what they have learned to their own relationships as adults. 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