A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams

A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams Graduate understudies take two arrangements of far reaching tests, the two bosses and doctoral. Truly, it sounds unnerving. Thorough assessments, known as comps, are a wellspring of tension for most alumni understudies. What Is a Comprehensive Examination? An extensive assessment is exactly what it seems like. It is a test that covers an expansive base of material. It evaluates the understudies information and abilities to win a given advanced education. The specific substance fluctuates by graduate program and by qualification: experts and doctoral far reaching tests have likenesses however vary in detail, profundity, and desires. Contingent upon the alumni program and degree, comps could test course information, information on your proposed research zone, and general information in the field. This is particularly valid for doctoral understudies, who must be set up to examine the field at an expert level, refering to material from coursework yet additionally exemplary and current references. When Do You Take Comps? Comps are commonly given around the finish of coursework or a short time later as an approach to decide how well an understudy can orchestrate the material, take care of issues, and take on a similar mindset as an expert. Finishing a far reaching test lets you move to the following degree of study. What Is the Format? Experts and doctoral tests regularly are composed tests, now and then oral, and once in a while both composed and oral. Tests are typically controlled in at least one long trials. For instance, in one program composed doctoral complete tests are given in two hinders that are every eight hours in length on sequential days. Another program oversees a composed comp test to experts understudies in a single period that keeps going five hours. Oral tests are increasingly normal in doctoral comps, however there are no firm guidelines. What Is the Masters Comp Exam? Not all experts programs offer or necessitate that understudies total far reaching tests. A few projects require a breezing through score on a thorough test for section to the theory. Different projects utilize far reaching tests instead of a theory. A few projects give understudies a decision of finishing either a complete test or a postulation. Much of the time, aces understudies are given direction on what to consider. It may be explicit arrangements of readings or test inquiries from past tests. Bosses extensive tests are commonly given to a whole class without a moment's delay. What Is the Doctoral Comp Exam? Practically all doctoral projects necessitate that understudies total doctoral comps. The test is the door to the exposition. In the wake of breezing through the exhaustive test an understudy can utilize the title doctoral up-and-comer, which is a name for understudies who have entered the exposition period of doctoral work, the last obstacle to the doctoral qualification. Doctoral understudies regularly get substantially less direction on the most proficient method to get ready for comps as contrasted and experts understudies. They may get long understanding records, some example inquiries from past tests, and directions to be comfortable with articles distributed in the course of recent years in the noticeable diaries in their field. Imagine a scenario where You Dont Pass Your Comps. Graduate understudies who can't breeze through a projects far reaching test are weeded from the alumni program and can't finish the degree. Graduate projects frequently permit an understudy who bombs the far reaching test one more opportunity to pass. Be that as it may, most projects ask understudies to leave for good after two bombing grades.

Chemical alternatives assessment of different flame retardants free essay sample

Fire retardants are commonly ordered by their substance cosmetics. The most widely recognized classes of fire retardants are:BrominatedBrominated mixes are utilized for various purposes, yet the significant use is as fire retardants. Bromine interfaces with the fire cycle in the gas stage to stop the concoction anchor response that prompts fire development and a self-supporting fire. Generally, brominated fire retardants either keep a fire from beginning in any case, or essentially moderate a fire down. Brominated mixes likewise can be added to materials like plastic without changing their properties. Therefore, they can be utilized in numerous applications. Exceptionally viable, brominated fire retardants are utilized in an assortment of materials, including materials, gadgets, building materials, plastics and froths. They are frequently utilized in blend with an antimony trioxide synergist.PhosphorusFlame retardants containing phosphorus intrude on the ignition procedure by advancing â€Å"charring.† within the sight of a warmth source, phosphorus fire retardants discharge phosphoric corrosive which makes the material singe and structures a thick lustrous layer of carbon. We will compose a custom exposition test on Compound choices appraisal of various fire retardants or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This carbonated scorch stops the disintegration procedure (pyrolysis) and forestalls the arrival of combustible gases, basically slicing off fuel to the fire. It additionally gives a boundary between the material and the warmth source. Phosphorus fire retardants are utilized in some upholstered furniture, froth sleeping cushions, materials, TV housings, elastic, and plastics.NitrogenNitrogen fire retardants work in a few key manners to give fire assurance. At high temperatures, they empower the arrangement of stable sub-atomic aggravates that stop the disintegration procedure (pyrolysis) and forestall the arrival of combustible gases. They additionally discharge latent nitrogen gases that repress the chain response prompting burning and can go about as a synergist when joined with phosphorus to fortify their fire resistant capacities. Nitrogen fire retardants are utilized in protection, furniture froths, and electronics.ChlorinatedLike bromine-based fire retardants, chlorinated fire retardants collaborate with the fire cycle to stop fire development. They are utilized in some polyurethane froth, elastic, and adaptable plastics.InorganicA assortment of inorganic mixes, most strikingly hydrated aluminum and magnesium oxides, are utilized as fire retardants, or, just like the case with antimony trioxide, as a feature of a fire resistant framework related to bromine, phosphorus or nitrogen fire retardants. These fire retardants hinder the decay procedure and the arrival of combustible gases that fuel the burning procedure, discharge idle gases that interfere with the substance chain response that produces flares and delivers a non-combustible and safe layer on a material’s surface, lessening the arrival of combustible gases. Inorganic fire retardants are utilized in certain plastics, paints, cements, elastic, material back coatings, wire, and link.

Showa-Packard Case free essay sample

The Tanaka occurrence came to fruition through a few different occasions going before. Mr. Tanaka was designated to supplant the late president on the joint endeavor board. This arrangement as per Mr. Harper depended on the Japanese rank framework and not as per capabilities for the position. The position framework as depicted by Mr. Harper is giving Mr. Tanaka the situation to just resign into. Notwithstanding Mr. Harper’s portrayal behind the thinking to Mr. Tanaka’s arrangement, Mr. Johnson doesn't see Mr. Tanaka qualified to fill this position. In light of his own interests, Mr. Johnson selects Mr. Abe as the president dependent on his capabilities and earlier experienced working with him. The Showa Company consciously dismisses Mr. Johnson’s proposition on the premise is would be adverse to the joint endeavor and to Mr. Abe’s future. The Showa Company additionally protects Mr. Tanaka’s capabilities for the situation by asserting that Mr. We will compose a custom article test on Showa-Packard Case or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Johnson’s judgment is out of line, since he still can't seem to meet him. The Tanka arrangement has a few causes that make it an issue. The Tanaka arrangement turned into a worry to Mr. Johnson, as he feels his arrangement could hurt the joint venture’s achievement. It previously turned into an issue, since Mr. Johnson discovered Mr. Tanaka’s capabilities unfit for the position. The worry appeared to develop as Mr. Harper started to clarify the way of life of the company’s status framework that gave Mr. Tanaka the position. This caused antagonistic individual emotions with Mr. Johnson. For the situation, it depicted it as hatred, as though he sees the arrangement of Mr. Tanaka manages the company’s culture, and the genuine business of the joint endeavor isn't essential to the Showa Company. Also, Mr. Johnson feel this arrangement features the loss of activity the Packard the board holds in the joint endeavor and naming an alternate individual since he said so would recapture that activity. Another conceivable reason to this issue is Mr. Harper himself, Mr. Harper whines about his failure to coordinate and speak with his Japanese partners. Miscommunication and absence of cohesiveness with the organization from Mr. Harper’s point of view could prompt confusion of the genuine thinking behind Mr. Tanka’s arrangement. It is entirely conceivable that the Show Company’s authoritative structure works as Mr. Harper accepts, however without the correspondence and great interrelations, how does Mr. Harper know the genuine goals behind Mr. Tanaka’s arrangement? Another purpose behind this issue was called attention to by the Showa Company. Mr. Johnson made a decision about Mr. Tanaka exclusively on his capabilities on paper, how does Mr. Johnson realize that Mr. Tanaka isn’t similarly as qualified as Mr. Abe? The thinking behind Mr. Johnson’s suggestion for Mr. Abe depended on his admirations of characteristics, for example, being dynamic, profoundly energetic, and businesslike. These excellent characteristics are commonly not found in the representatives work history, however acknowledged through collaborating with the person. Mr. Tanaka could without much of a stretch have similar characteristics. The Tanaka arrangement occurrence can possibly cause business and staff durable issues. A goals to such a perplexing issue should likewise be mind boggling, and might cause extra strain on the joint endeavor connections. The two organizations happened upon an understanding during the joint endeavor that the president representative would be endorsed by the board and the American organization. On the off chance that Mr. Johnson genuinely feels that Mr. Tanaka isn't qualified, after a reasonable appraisal of his capabilities and setting individual disdain aside, at that point Mr. Johnson must uphold the recently masterminded understanding and object to Mr. Tanaka as president. This requirement has potential to cause pressure on the remote connections. Be that as it may, it would permit Mr. Johnson to recover his drive, and permit the two organizations to have the ideal applicant. The recently named president ought to be settled upon with the similarly spoken to board. This applicant ought to conciliate both Showa’s requirement for rank and Packard’s requirement for predominant capabilities. Mr. Johnson should likewise be delicate to the hierarchical structure of the Showa Company and make a situation for Mr. Tanaka on the joint endeavor group that he is progressively equipped for, can at present permit him to resign into it. This contention branches from a few issues however can be settled through political and vital goals.

What Alumni Want From Their Schools

What Alumni Want From Their Schools by: Nathan Allen on December 04, 2015 | 0 Comments Comments 732 Views December 4, 2015After spending four years and sometimes six figures at a school, it seems normal to expect something besides a piece of paper. How about some help getting a job? Or school-organized networking events? Or at least a school hat? Yet, often times, it’s the school asking for more.  This disconnect can leave recent grads frustrated and older alums confused, particularly if they havent heard from the school in years.Corporate Insight, a consulting firm focused on helping financial service providers connect and communicate with prospective and current clients, recently turned their expertise towards alumni relations. They found that while alums largely feel positively towards their alma maters, they’re not just going  to shell out big bucks with just a call. However,  the potential is there for alumni relations offices. Its just going to take a l ittle bit of relationship building.Theres much more of an emotionally driven impact of donations, explains Michael Ellison, Corporate Insights president and the son of a father-son leadership team. The donations seem to come from more of an emotional connection with the school. If you think about it, you can sense it, but to see it in such stark numbers is interesting.NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF ALUMS HAVE GIVEN TO SCHOOLSIn October, Corporate Insight conducted online surveys with more than 1,100 alums from 168 North American colleges and universities. The goal was to get a sense of how alums feel about their former schools and relations with that school. The researchers also set out to identify donation behaviors of alums.The universities ranged from large land-grant schools like the University of North Carolina and University of Oklahoma to top private institutions like Georgetown University and Duke University to military institutions such as the Air Force and Naval Academies.Times have nt been too tough for schools, the research, which was given to PoetsQuants,  shows. Some 61% of respondents have made a donation to their alma maters. Moreover, only 12% said they’d never donate to their former schools. But those donations mainly come in small amounts. About two-thirds (66%) donated $250 or less for their most recent donations.DEEP SCHOOL PRIDE MAIN REASON FOR DONATINGThe good news for the schools, Ellison says, is more than half of the respondents whove never donated are open to more involvement with the schools. The bad news is 56% of those respondents whove never donated say they cant afford to. The other bad news is more than 35% of those respondents are already donating to some sort of charity.Schools have got some competition even though they dont compete against one another, Ellison insists. They are competing amongst the wallet, if you will. Not only your day-to-day expenses, but the way you discretionarily spend your money.So what should schools d o? Keep their students emotionally involved, the study and Ellison say. According to the research the 47% of alums say they donate because they feel deep school pride. Some 44% say they donate to as a way to feel involved. Only 23% said they donated because of an impressive solicitation from the school. Just 21% say they donated because the school needs help. Page 1 of 3123 »

Society s Hierarchy Of Society - 2301 Words

For as long as humans have existed there has always been a divide amongst us, now even more so. With the rise of politics and social classes, the gap has simultaneously increased. ‘Britain is now one of the world’s most divided countries with children born into a wealthy family having far more advantages than those who are not.’ (Hope, 2010) Class identity is how a person defines themselves within the hierarchy of society. Society s hierarchy is mostly based on people s wealth, as well as where they live, whether it be in a rural or urban area, northern or southern. In some cases, class identity is used by individuals as a source of pride, with others it s a source of shame. Both Russel and Cartwright are English writers both being born in Lancashire which is near Liverpool, a city renowned for its pride in the working class heritage dating back in its history. Class identity can create a sense of community, as it helps people relate to those around them, as well as viewing themselves as living a similar life to those in the same social class. ‘The Conservatives have agreed to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. It is the first time Britain has had a coalition government in 70 years - and the first time these two parties have ever agreed to a power sharing deal at a national level in the UK. â⠂¬Ëœ (News.bbc.co.uk, 2010) The ideology of class systems has changed over time, due to political change, as demonstrated in the works of WillyShow MoreRelatedThe Functionalist Perspective On Society1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe functionalist perspective (functionalist) is a system that analyses how society helps stabilize itself. Essentially, each part of society works to fit a specific need in that society as a whole in order to generate upkeep. It also implements mutual values within the society claiming that these values also hold it together. This is a logical claim: if individuals within a community have similar interests it would be in their best interest to work together in exchange for these mutual values. FunctionalismRead MoreHandmaids tale1446 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 3rd, 2013 Hierarchy in The HandMaid s Tale Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale is a interesting novel that will have you confused but also have you bitting your nails with intrigue. So many questions might go in your head, at the same time; Atwood wrote this novel so her readers can have curiosity, even after reading the last word of the last paragraph of the last page of the book. One of the main topics of this novel is the effect on society when a women s fate is taken away fromRead MoreTopic . 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Likewise, society has developed the concept of social hierarchy to categorized people into different groups based on political, and socio-economic status. These themes have significant relevance to society and have reoc curred through to present day. Despite the differing contextRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesbest known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist in his time. One of the things that Maslow developed was the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The Hierarchy of Needs consist of five steps, where self-actualizationRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 Pagespages of Beowulf. Looked upon with an untrained eye, the egocentric and rapacious society in which Beowulf lives appears nearly unswayed by the delicate touch of a woman. But, upon review it is revealed through the poet’s diction the integral role of women in the Dane’s cultures. Women have the apparently non essential duty of carrying around the mead cup, but, it is revealed that this task establishes a hierarchy within the Mead hall. As well as this, woman also play a significant role in the politicsRead More7. . . In Conjugated Oppression: Class And Ethnicity Among1495 Words   |  6 Pages the border between Panama and Costa Rica. During his research, he focused on what he calls the plantation s occupational hierarchy a class classification structure that exists, in turn, within another type of hierarchy: an ethnic hierarchy. However, the inconstant separation between class relations and ethnic relations is even more evident, since, although the occupational hierarchy occurs on an economic level, and the ethnic in an ideological one, both are in an inherent relation, establishingRead MoreFilm Analysis : Slumdog Millionaire1742 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the structural hierarchy of the key layers in the movie(Police, Inspector, Game Show Host, Jamal, Salim and Latika) There is a structural hierarchy in the movie which makes sure that people remain in their prescribed role where the inspector is at the top then Salim and Jamal is at the bottom of the hierarchy. The individuals at the top are more privileged to power and money while the people at the bottom are struggling to make it in to the world. In the eyes of the society in India, the inspectorRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? 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In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck recreates a social hierarchy between his supporting characters to prove that those who are weak and vulnerable are subject to ostracism and ridicule.

Assignment 4 Pugin - 1371 Words

Leigh Hamilton AA100 TMA 4 In what ways did Pugin’s revival of the Gothic use tradition as a form of dissent? Essay Plan Introduction – What is dissent? Introduce Pugin Paragraphs 1 2 – Pugin’s aims and inspiration Paragraph 3 – Attack on the era of Reformations and Protestantism. Plate 4.7 â€Å"decay of taste†. Difference in Church styles. Paragraph 4 – Treatment of the poor. Plate 2.4.11 Paragraph 5 – â€Å"Christian† architecture – pointing upwards. Paragraphs 6 7 – Emphasis on Britain’s’ greatness – not requiring ideas from other countries. Big Ben Paragraph 8 - Conclusion Leigh Hamilton AA100 TMA 4 In what ways did Pugin’s revival of the Gothic use tradition as a form of dissent? To answer this question, we must first ask†¦show more content†¦While the Contrasts focused and differences and similarities between the two historical periods, Pugin’s next book True Principles focused on the Gothic as being a true Christian architecture (Richardson, McKellar, Woods, 2008, p.128). Pugin advocated for â€Å"pointed† or â€Å"Christian† architecture (as Pugin called then what is now referred to as Gothic style; Richardson, McKellar, Woods, 2008, p. 113) aimed to reach up to heaven, symbolising Jesus’ resurrection. Pugin stressed an

The Period From The Eighth To The Fourteenth Century Was One Of Vast R Essay Example For Students

The Period From The Eighth To The Fourteenth Century Was One Of Vast R Essay eforms,some for the better and some for the worse. During this period in Europe, commonlyknown as The Middle Ages, economic reforms took place as well as social, political, andreligious changes. One common theme throughout The Middle Ages consisted of therelationship between the Church and the State. The Catholic church during this era held aprominent role in society, and it had an abundant amount of power and authority duringthis time. The Catholic Church exercised its authority in many different stages, in which aresponse from the people occurred because of the way the Church showed its power. The nature of the Catholic Church began its reform around the time Charlemagne,from 768 to 814, took control. He became a Christian emperor and the first great politicalleader in Western Europe. His main goal was to promote the Roman Catholic religionthroughout all of the world known to man, and to do this Charlemagne coordinated withthe pope, which in turn the pope crowned him the holy Roman Emperor. Charlemagnestrived to reestablish central authority and revive the culture of the Early Middle Ages,and he succeeded by gaining authority over a large area, including almost all of Westernand Central Europe (Charlemagne p.130-131). Charlemagne also made many reforms,mostly Church and educational ones. He first reformed the monasteries by making themBenedictine; he also made sure that the churches were abiding by the rules and not doinganything wrong. Charlemagne designed a system in which four archbishops were set up infour different regions with their headquarters in cities in that par ticular region. Thearchbishops appoint bishops authority in their territories. As the Catholic Churchsauthority increases during this time, it also comes with consequences. This system ofarchbishops and bishops are great for the Church, but Charlemagne uses them as royalagents, which is part of royal policy. Furthermore, Charlemagne makes reforms ineducation in order to further improve the Church; he sets up a system which strengthensthe priesthood by setting up bishop schools. These reforms indicate a lack of divisionbetween religious and secular affairs (Charlemagne p.131). Who really has authority, is itthe pope or the king? King Charlemagne did make all of the reforms, but the pope alsocrowned him holy Roman Emperor. This will create problems in the near future betweenthe Church and the State. The nature of the Catholic Churchs authority again changed during the HighMiddle Ages in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Basically, the papacy became moreconfident by claiming greater powers and actually challenging the monarchs themselves fortotal authority (Sherman p.166). Pope Gregory VII is a great example of the increasedconfidence and authority during these times. The papacy under this pope asserted itspowers under the proposition derived from Pope Gregory VII. It indicates many of thepowers that the Church claims to hold. Some of them include: The pope is the onlyperson whose feet are kissed by all princes. He may depose emperors. He may bejudged by no one (Pope Gregory VII p.168). The pope is obviously claiming higherauthority over the State, especially over the emperor. The Church also had the power toexcommunicate members of the Catholic Church, which holds a sever punishmentespecially during the Middle Ages. Because an excommunicated person was forbiddenfrom all socia l intercourse, this punishment would thus be terrible politically, socially, aswell as economically (Noble p.204). In the thirteenth century, Pope Innocent IIIcontinued to claim powers for the Church and even had some of his claims hold up. Heclaimed that the royal power derived the brilliance of dignity from the pontifical authority,which includes the pope (Pope Innocent III p.197). Central governments in the Europeannations began to evolve and try to change the ways of the papacy, which, in turn, broughtup problems for the Church (Noble p.205). This is especially true with the case of PopeBoniface VIII. He issued a letter which forbade the taxation of the clergy without explicitpapal permission, and King Philip IV responded by campaigning against the pope. This,in turn, rallied support for the monarchy in France (Noble p.222). This attack on PopeBoniface VIII unveils the extreme splits in the Christian community; it seemed apparentafter these events that European governments had n o intention of recognizing absolutepapal authority (Noble p. 226). .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .postImageUrl , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:visited , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:active { border:0!important; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:active , .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60 .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9141eefa22db5cc4f0798aecd2df2d60:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood EssayThe nature of the Catholic Church was basically transformed during the LateMiddle Ages in the fourteenth century, due mainly to the aftermath of the Great Schism, asplit between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. Because of the problems between theChurch and the State and the challenges that kings laid on the Church, popes had to dealmuch more carefully with the governments of Europe. During the Late Middle Ages, thekings of France and England along with the rulers in Germany, Italy, and the papacy allovercame the political and cultural crises that arose during the schism. The nature of the Catholic Churchs authority during the Middle Ages is apparent,but how does the Church use the power they hold and beset to discharge its religiousmission? During the Early Middle Ages, Charlemagne mostly spread Christianity throughconquering new lands and basically forcing the new peoples to abide by the rules of theCatholic Church. He was often on the move with his troops and missionaries going tonew lands preaching Christianity. Charlemagne became involved in numerous wars withthe Saxons. Soon, the Saxons were forced to accept the terms of Charlemagne; they hadto leave their pagan religion, accept Christianity, and be united with the Franks (Einhardp.133). During the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages, the Churchdischarged its religious mission through the crusades, initiated by the Church in order tospread Christianity at the cost of the Islamic religion (Sherman p.183). The first crusadeswere very successful because the Christian forces reestablished control of Spain andestablished control in the Holy Land for most of the twelfth century (Sherman p.183). Pope Urban II justified his call for a crusade in a plea that he stated. He justified his callfor a crusade because the Persians, a race of people which he states are alienated fromGod, have destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their ownreligion (Pope Urban II p.185). Basically, he seeks change in the areas where the Persianslive, and he demands a change; therefore, he called for a crusade. Furthermore, PopeEugenius IIIs inducements for crusades further exemplified the power of the papacyduring the twelfth century. He states that the Church can grant full remission of sins, andthe mens wives, children, and other possessions are under protection of the Holy Church(Pope Eugenius III p.187). In the fourteenth century of the Late Middle Ages, the churchs authority wasbeing questioned by powerful European monarchs, so the Church had to fight for the rightdischarge its religious mission; the powers it used to hold were being questioned, so theChurch was more worried about keeping those rights than anything else. Furthermore, theConciliar Movement was brought up in discussion and placed ultimate power to a Churchcouncil, which would diminish the powers of the pope. This movement was extremelypopular and also revealed the problems facing the Church; no spread of Christianity wastaking place. The Decree Sacrosancta declares that the Church council had powers overanyone in the areas of things that pertain to the Church of God (Sherman p.218). TheDecree Frequens states that a council will always be in session (Sherman p.219). Thesetwo decrees would definitely limit the powers of the pope, but this never happened due tothe election of a single pope, Martin V. Moreover, heresy was a major problem facing theChurch. Groups like the Waldensians posed a major threat to the Church. They wereexcommunicated because they did not abide by the Church, they preach that they are in noway under the power of the pope, and they claim that they hold the power of hearingconfessions without even being a member of the Church (Gui p.219-220). Heresy posed ahuge threat to the Church; they were more worried about losing authority during thesetimes instead of promoting Christianity. .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .postImageUrl , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:visited , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:active { border:0!important; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:active , .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc092c4f43d4381ab4c108f1b8c09364a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Espionage and thrillers EssayChristianity throughout the Middle Ages, from the eighth century until thefourteenth, has been impacted several times by the monarchies of Europe and by thepapacy. Considering everything the Catholic Church has gone through , was it successfulin the religious mission it set out for. The answer to this question is very opinionated tohistorians, but I believe the answer is no. Notably during the High Middle Ages in whichthe crusades occurred, many popes set out into various lands including Byzantium andIslam in order to spread Christianity and stop the popularity of the Islamic religion. Manyhistorians believe that the Crusades contributed to the economic and intellectualdevelopment of Europe by reopening Mediterranean east-west trade, but these people arewrong (Cantor p.192). All the Crusades did was stir up religious prejudice and theintolerance of Muslims (Cantor p.193). Although the Christian world learned a great dealfrom the Muslims, the Crusades were not a part of this occurrence. In addition, the factthat heresy occurred from such groups as the Hussites and the Waldensians further provesthat the papacy had problems with people actually turning away from the Catholic Church. How could the Church be successful in its religious mission if groups of people arebreaking away from it?